{"id":17983,"date":"2023-06-05T09:37:13","date_gmt":"2023-06-05T07:37:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/plenoil.es\/is-hydrogen-really-an-option-to-replace-fossil-fuels\/"},"modified":"2024-02-13T15:59:05","modified_gmt":"2024-02-13T14:59:05","slug":"is-hydrogen-really-an-option-to-replace-fossil-fuels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/plenergy.es\/pt-pt\/is-hydrogen-really-an-option-to-replace-fossil-fuels\/","title":{"rendered":"Is hydrogen really an option to replace fossil fuels?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Na corrida em dire\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 descarboniza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>, as administra\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas t\u00eam apostado na eletrifica\u00e7\u00e3o, mas existem outras op\u00e7\u00f5es? Algumas entidades j\u00e1 est\u00e3o considerando substituir o combust\u00edvel por hidrog\u00eanio<\/strong>, mas o hidrog\u00eanio \u00e9 realmente uma op\u00e7\u00e3o para substituir os combust\u00edveis f\u00f3sseis? Este composto \u00e9 considerado uma das promessas no setor automotivo, mas, apesar de ter in\u00fameros benef\u00edcios, \u00e9 um combust\u00edvel muito dif\u00edcil de obter<\/strong>, pois n\u00e3o pode ser obtido diretamente da natureza. Tr\u00eas obst\u00e1culos principais surgem na obten\u00e7\u00e3o de hidrog\u00eanio<\/strong>: ele est\u00e1 acompanhado por outros elementos da natureza, sua convers\u00e3o para o estado l\u00edquido e seu investimento custoso que eleva seu pre\u00e7o final. Para obter esse elemento, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio extra\u00ed-lo da \u00e1gua, do carv\u00e3o ou do g\u00e1s natural. A melhor op\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 a \u00e1gua, pois est\u00e1 presente na maior parte do planeta. No entanto, este elemento est\u00e1 no estado gasoso, sendo necess\u00e1rio desenvolver um processo de eletr\u00f3lise. Essa obten\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 muito cara e requer energia el\u00e9trica, que, por vezes, n\u00e3o prov\u00e9m de energias limpas<\/strong>. Cada vez mais empresas est\u00e3o apostando nessa energia, e uma categoriza\u00e7\u00e3o de cores foi realizada com base em sua sustentabilidade. De acordo com seu impacto ambiental, s\u00e3o categorizados cinco tipos de hidrog\u00eanio<\/strong>: preto, cinza, marrom, azul, turquesa, rosa, verde, amarelo e branco.<\/p>\n

Tipologia<\/h2>\n

Hidrog\u00eanio preto e marrom<\/h3>\n

Este \u00e9 o hidrog\u00eanio mais poluente, pois \u00e9 formado a partir de hidrocarbonetos como metano ou carv\u00e3o. Ele \u00e9 obtido por meio da gaseifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>, um processo no qual o carv\u00e3o \u00e9 queimado a altas temperaturas, expelindo hidrog\u00eanio e mon\u00f3xido de carbono.<\/p>\n

Hidrog\u00eanio cinza<\/h3>\n

O hidrog\u00eanio cinza \u00e9 o mais utilizado no mundo, mas tamb\u00e9m um dos mais poluentes<\/strong>, pois \u00e9 produzido a partir de g\u00e1s natural atrav\u00e9s da t\u00e9cnica de reforma a vapor. Este m\u00e9todo baseia-se na press\u00e3o do elemento para eliminar o di\u00f3xido de carbono e obter o hidrog\u00eanio.<\/p>\n

Hidrog\u00eanio azul<\/h3>\n

Tamb\u00e9m conhecido como “baixo em carbono”<\/strong>, mas ainda precisa usar combust\u00edveis f\u00f3sseis para sua obten\u00e7\u00e3o. No entanto, emite menos carbono porque \u00e9 feito atrav\u00e9s do m\u00e9todo “captura e armazenamento”. \u00c9 o mais utilizado junto com o cinza. Esse tipo de hidrog\u00eanio gera emiss\u00f5es de CO2, mas elas s\u00e3o capturadas e, uma vez armazenadas, podem ser reutilizadas para fabricar biocombust\u00edveis.<\/p>\n

Hidrog\u00eanio turquesa<\/h3>\n

Esse tipo de hidrog\u00eanio tamb\u00e9m utiliza combust\u00edveis f\u00f3sseis, mas difere do azul e do cinza porque envolve um processo de extra\u00e7\u00e3o conhecido como pir\u00f3lise<\/strong>. Esse processo envolve a degrada\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica sem oxig\u00eanio e a substitui\u00e7\u00e3o dos gases poluentes pelo carbono. Ou seja, o g\u00e1s natural passa por um metal fundido e libera o hidrog\u00eanio e o carbono na forma s\u00f3lida. Dessa forma, as emiss\u00f5es de CO2 s\u00e3o evitadas. Esse m\u00e9todo ainda est\u00e1 em fase inicial.
\n\"Tipos

Hidrog\u00eanio rosa<\/h3>\n

\u00c9 formado a partir de energias nucleares, e seu m\u00e9todo de extra\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 novamente a eletr\u00f3lise da \u00e1gua<\/strong>. Ele se classifica como um dos mais sustent\u00e1veis, no entanto, de acordo com a EDP<\/a>, “n\u00e3o \u00e9 completamente limpo devido aos riscos e res\u00edduos radioativos sempre associados”<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Hidrog\u00eanio verde<\/h3>\n

\u00c9 a op\u00e7\u00e3o mais ecol\u00f3gica, pois \u00e9 criado a partir de energias renov\u00e1veis<\/strong>. No entanto, \u00e9 o menos comum no mercado. Seu processo de obten\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m ocorre por meio de eletr\u00f3lise, e as emiss\u00f5es associadas a esse elemento s\u00e3o muito baixas ou nulas.<\/p>\n

Hidrog\u00eanio amarelo<\/h3>\n

O hidrog\u00eanio amarelo \u00e9 criado a partir da energia solar, e seu processo de extra\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 a eletr\u00f3lise. No processo de extra\u00e7\u00e3o, s\u00e3o utilizadas energias mistas<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Hidrog\u00eanio branco<\/h3>\n

Esse tipo de hidrog\u00eanio ainda est\u00e1 em explora\u00e7\u00e3o, e n\u00e3o h\u00e1 muitas informa\u00e7\u00f5es a respeito. Ele \u00e9 extra\u00eddo diretamente da natureza, e suas emiss\u00f5es s\u00e3o nulas. Segundo a EDP<\/a>, ele \u00e9 “inodoro e incolor, e n\u00e3o existem t\u00e9cnicas eficientes e economicamente vi\u00e1veis para extra\u00ed-lo”.<\/p>\n

\u00c9 poss\u00edvel implementar o hidrog\u00eanio como principal fonte?<\/h2>\n

A implementa\u00e7\u00e3o de hidrog\u00eanio \u00e9 uma realidade em pa\u00edses como Jap\u00e3o, Estados Unidos ou Alemanha, mas n\u00e3o \u00e9 difundida na Espanha. No mundo, existem um total de 685 hidrogeneradores<\/strong>, segundo os \u00faltimos dados publicados em 2021. Desses, 228 est\u00e3o na Europa, com a Alemanha como principal desenvolvedora. A Uni\u00e3o Europeia impulsionou a implementa\u00e7\u00e3o de hidrogeneradores em 2014 por meio da Diretiva 2014\/94 da Uni\u00e3o Europeia<\/a>. <\/p>\n

Por sua vez, em 2020, a Espanha lan\u00e7ou o Roteiro do Hidrog\u00eanio: um compromisso com o hidrog\u00eanio renov\u00e1vel<\/a>. Apesar dessa normativa, ainda existem diretrizes n\u00e3o definidas<\/strong>, como a data para atingir a meta estabelecida, a dist\u00e2ncia entre hidrogeneradores ou o ano em que ser\u00e1 alcan\u00e7ada a implementa\u00e7\u00e3o de um m\u00ednimo de hidrogeneradores (entre 2028 e 2031). Apesar das diversas formas de criar hidrog\u00eanio<\/strong>, o problema est\u00e1 no armazenamento, utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o e contamina\u00e7\u00e3o associados a algumas t\u00e9cnicas. O pre\u00e7o do hidrog\u00eanio ainda est\u00e1 elevado e n\u00e3o est\u00e1 ao alcance do cidad\u00e3o comum, somando-se ao fato de que a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de um hidrogenerador custa cerca de um milh\u00e3o de euros.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pre\u00e7o de um abastecimento “cheio”<\/h2>\n

Ao contr\u00e1rio da gasolina, que \u00e9 medida em litros, o hidrog\u00eanio \u00e9 fornecido em quilogramas. O custo atual varia de 3 a 10 euros por quilograma<\/strong>, ainda n\u00e3o acess\u00edvel ao cidad\u00e3o comum que abastece, por exemplo, em Plenoil<\/a>, a uma m\u00e9dia de 1,40 euros por litro.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Na corrida em dire\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 descarboniza\u00e7\u00e3o, as administra\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas t\u00eam apostado na eletrifica\u00e7\u00e3o, mas existem outras op\u00e7\u00f5es? Algumas entidades j\u00e1 est\u00e3o considerando substituir o combust\u00edvel por hidrog\u00eanio, mas o hidrog\u00eanio \u00e9 realmente uma op\u00e7\u00e3o para substituir os combust\u00edveis f\u00f3sseis? Este composto \u00e9 considerado uma das promessas no setor automotivo, mas, apesar de ter in\u00fameros benef\u00edcios, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":9389,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[447,103,87,94,95,470,471,324,472],"class_list":["post-17983","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-noticias","tag-coches-pt-pt","tag-estacao-de-servico-perto-de-mim","tag-estacoes-de-servico","tag-gasoleo","tag-gasolina-pt-pt","tag-hidrogeno-pt-pt","tag-medio-ambiente-pt-pt","tag-moto-pt-pt","tag-soluciones-pt-pt"],"yoast_head":"\nIs hydrogen really an option to replace fossil fuels? - Plenergy gasolineras<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"As administra\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas t\u00eam apostado na eletrifi, mas o hidrog\u00eanio \u00e9 realmente uma op\u00e7\u00e3o para substituir os 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